I. T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAmoni c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng cloramin.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/biowatertlp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/amoni-la-gi-1-1-1.jpg\")
Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nAmoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m do ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n. Khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n u\u1ed1ng cao h\u01a1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amoni l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nito, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed Amoni v\u00e0 nitrat c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau Amoni v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng Nito.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.1 Amoni t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i, N t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng Nit\u01a1 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (N-HC), Nit\u01a1 amoniac (N-NH3), Nit\u01a1 Nitrit (N-NO2-), Nit\u01a1 nitrat (N-NO3-), N t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 N t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/biowatertlp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/xu-ly-nito.png\")
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd Amoni t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nito v\u00f4 c\u01a1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 amoni, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 90 \u2013 97% t\u1ed5ng nito. Amoni t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf hai d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 ion NH4\u00ad+ v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed NH3. Ion NH4+ l\u00e0 ion amoni, \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c. NH3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u00f3 m\u00f9i khai, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ebft sinh v\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. NH3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf khi \u1edf trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng pH cao (pH \u2248 11), trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng pH th\u1ea5p th\u00ec NH4+ chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n (pH \u2248 7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amoni (NH4+ ): trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ebft amoni (d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,05 ppm). N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, s\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 10 -100mg\/l. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng amoni tr\u00ean 5 mg\/l \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hai nh\u00f3m vi khu\u1ea9n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a amonia th\u00e0nh nitrat l\u00e0: vi khu\u1ea9n nitrobacter v\u00e0 nitrosomonas<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.2 T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAmoni kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u00e9p, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Amoni g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p: l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a clo, gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Amoni c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ph\u1ed1t pho, s\u1eaft, mangan\u2026) s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 vi khu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc sau x\u1eed l\u00fd. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eb7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m quan ( NH4+) l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00eau t\u1ea3o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vi sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng g\u00e2y \u0103n m\u00f2n, r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u1ef9 quan).<\/p>\n\n\n
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/biowatertlp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/xu-ly-amoni-trong-nuoc-thai-sinh-hoat.png\")
T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i?<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc cao, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nitrat (NO2-), nitrit (NO3-). Trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, nitrit v\u00e0 nitrat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh N \u2013 nitroso \u2013 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n ung th\u01b0. N\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec5m amoni c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec5m asen r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec amoni d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nitrat t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee9ng thi\u1ebfu vitamin v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c amin \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nitrosamin l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Khi \u0103n u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nitrit, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p thu nitrit v\u00e0o m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tranh oxy c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m hemoglobin m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ea5y oxy, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, xanh da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Nitrit \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi sinh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb xanh xao, \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu, thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, kh\u00f3 th\u1edf do thi\u1ebfu oxi trong m\u00e1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, nitrit k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c axit amin trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nitrosamin. Nitrosamin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng di truy\u1ec1n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u2013 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.3 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nTrong quy chu\u1ea9n QCVN 01: 2009\/BYT ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00f3i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n u\u1ed1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni c\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3 mg\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong QCVN 02:2009\/BYT ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009, quy chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c I v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c II n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3 mg\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00ed Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nII.1 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd: tripping, trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion, h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: oxi h\u00f3a amoni, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a amoni b\u1eb1ng MAP (magie amoni photphat),<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat, denitrat v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh annamox.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd theo ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni kh\u00f4ng cao (< 100 mg\/l) nh\u01b0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni t\u1eeb 100 \u2013 5.000 mg\/l c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed bay h\u01a1i, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 5.000 mg\/l n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1eabn kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni v\u00e0 nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc trong x\u1eed l\u00fd Nito th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1 \u2013 Theo quy chu\u1ea9n QCVN 14:2008\/BTNMT, c\u00f3 2 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ni t\u01a1 l\u00e0 NH4+ (t\u00ednh theo N) v\u00e0 NO3- (t\u00ednh theo N).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4+ s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh NO3- qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrification, sau \u0111\u00f3 NO3- chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh N2 t\u1ef1 do b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh denitrification. Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf b\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed, trong khi denitrification \u1edf b\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, denitrification x\u1ea3y ra sau, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1ng A-O (thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed sau)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc, BOD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft m\u00e0 ni t\u01a1 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng NO3-, ch\u01b0a t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng N2 t\u1ef1 do. Khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sau x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau BOD v\u00e0 Amoni, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau Nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do \u0111\u00f3 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ec3 Anoxic tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec3 Oxic, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb NO3- th\u00e0nh N2 di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ec3 Anoxic nh\u1edd d\u00f2ng b\u01a1m tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.2 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a:<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/biowatertlp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/cach-xu-ly-amoni-trong-nuoc-thai-sinh-hoat-don-gia_8046.jpg\")
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni. Nitrat ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u00f4xy ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nit\u01a1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Amoni).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CO2<\/sub>(d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 c\u01a1) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n cacbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi. Sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi sinh kh\u1ed1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb Nit\u01a1 Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean am\u00f4ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai nitrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 1. NH4- + 1,5 O2 \u2013> NO2- + 2H+ + H2O <\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 2. NO-2 + 0,5 O2 \u2013> NO3- <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau : <\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4- + 2 O2 \u2013> NO3- + 2H+ + H2O (*) <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 i\u00f4n Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0a oxy v\u00e0o b\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi khu\u1ea9n sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, \u00edt ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t cao trong x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nit\u01a1 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrate h\u00f3a, kh\u1eed nitrate \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nit\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c nitrate h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng anammox<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/biowatertlp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/phuong-phap-xu-ly-amoni-trong-nuoc-thai-1.webp\")
Chu tr\u00ecnh N m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1eaft x\u00edch anammox \u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anamox x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfm kh\u00ed. Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH3<\/sub> + 1,32 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + H+<\/sup> \u2192 1,02 N2<\/sub> + 0,26 NO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 H\u00ad2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anammox l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 oxi \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nitrat h\u00f3a b\u00e1n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda amoni th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung carbon v\u00f4 c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> + 1,5 O2<\/sub> + 2 HCO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> \u2192 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 CO\u00ad2<\/sub> + 3H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf amoni b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c RO<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
RO l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc m\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i qua, m\u00e0ng s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u01a1 l\u1eedng, amoni. M\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 < 0,0005 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- N\u00e2ng cao pH trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 pH l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ea1ng NH3<\/sub>, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bay h\u01a1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho amoniac bay h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean, amoniac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n amoniac, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho c\u00e1, t\u00f4m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"\ud83d\udce3\"](\"https:\/\/static.xx.fbcdn.net\/images\/emoji.php\/v9\/t13\/1.5\/16\/1f4e3.png\")
M\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7: CTy TNHH TH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u1ea0I \u0110\u1ea6U T\u01af TH\u00c0NH L\u1ee2I PH\u00c1T<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: 26B \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 5, KP1, Ph\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ea1nh M\u1ef9 L\u1ee3i, TP Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, TP HCM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m do ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n. Khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n u\u1ed1ng cao h\u01a1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amoni l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nito, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed Amoni v\u00e0 nitrat c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau Amoni v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng Nito.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.1 Amoni t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i, N t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng Nit\u01a1 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (N-HC), Nit\u01a1 amoniac (N-NH3), Nit\u01a1 Nitrit (N-NO2-), Nit\u01a1 nitrat (N-NO3-), N t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 N t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n\n\n
\nPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd Amoni t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nito v\u00f4 c\u01a1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 amoni, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 90 \u2013 97% t\u1ed5ng nito. Amoni t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf hai d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 ion NH4\u00ad+ v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed NH3. Ion NH4+ l\u00e0 ion amoni, \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c. NH3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u00f3 m\u00f9i khai, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ebft sinh v\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. NH3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf khi \u1edf trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng pH cao (pH \u2248 11), trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng pH th\u1ea5p th\u00ec NH4+ chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n (pH \u2248 7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amoni (NH4+ ): trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ebft amoni (d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,05 ppm). N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, s\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 10 -100mg\/l. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng amoni tr\u00ean 5 mg\/l \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hai nh\u00f3m vi khu\u1ea9n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a amonia th\u00e0nh nitrat l\u00e0: vi khu\u1ea9n nitrobacter v\u00e0 nitrosomonas<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.2 T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAmoni kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u00e9p, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Amoni g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p: l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a clo, gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Amoni c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ph\u1ed1t pho, s\u1eaft, mangan\u2026) s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 vi khu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc sau x\u1eed l\u00fd. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eb7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m quan ( NH4+) l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00eau t\u1ea3o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vi sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng g\u00e2y \u0103n m\u00f2n, r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u1ef9 quan).<\/p>\n\n\n
\nT\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i?<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc cao, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nitrat (NO2-), nitrit (NO3-). Trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, nitrit v\u00e0 nitrat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh N \u2013 nitroso \u2013 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n ung th\u01b0. N\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec5m amoni c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec5m asen r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec amoni d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nitrat t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee9ng thi\u1ebfu vitamin v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c amin \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nitrosamin l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Khi \u0103n u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nitrit, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p thu nitrit v\u00e0o m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tranh oxy c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m hemoglobin m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ea5y oxy, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, xanh da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Nitrit \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi sinh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb xanh xao, \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu, thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, kh\u00f3 th\u1edf do thi\u1ebfu oxi trong m\u00e1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, nitrit k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c axit amin trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nitrosamin. Nitrosamin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng di truy\u1ec1n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u2013 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.3 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nTrong quy chu\u1ea9n QCVN 01: 2009\/BYT ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00f3i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n u\u1ed1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni c\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3 mg\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong QCVN 02:2009\/BYT ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009, quy chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c I v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c II n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3 mg\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00ed Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nII.1 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd: tripping, trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion, h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: oxi h\u00f3a amoni, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a amoni b\u1eb1ng MAP (magie amoni photphat),<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat, denitrat v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh annamox.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd theo ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni kh\u00f4ng cao (< 100 mg\/l) nh\u01b0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni t\u1eeb 100 \u2013 5.000 mg\/l c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed bay h\u01a1i, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 5.000 mg\/l n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1eabn kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni v\u00e0 nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc trong x\u1eed l\u00fd Nito th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1 \u2013 Theo quy chu\u1ea9n QCVN 14:2008\/BTNMT, c\u00f3 2 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ni t\u01a1 l\u00e0 NH4+ (t\u00ednh theo N) v\u00e0 NO3- (t\u00ednh theo N).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4+ s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh NO3- qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrification, sau \u0111\u00f3 NO3- chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh N2 t\u1ef1 do b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh denitrification. Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf b\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed, trong khi denitrification \u1edf b\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, denitrification x\u1ea3y ra sau, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1ng A-O (thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed sau)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc, BOD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft m\u00e0 ni t\u01a1 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng NO3-, ch\u01b0a t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng N2 t\u1ef1 do. Khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sau x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau BOD v\u00e0 Amoni, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau Nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do \u0111\u00f3 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ec3 Anoxic tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec3 Oxic, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb NO3- th\u00e0nh N2 di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ec3 Anoxic nh\u1edd d\u00f2ng b\u01a1m tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.2 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a:<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni. Nitrat ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u00f4xy ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nit\u01a1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Amoni).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CO2<\/sub>(d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 c\u01a1) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n cacbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi. Sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi sinh kh\u1ed1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb Nit\u01a1 Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean am\u00f4ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai nitrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 1. NH4- + 1,5 O2 \u2013> NO2- + 2H+ + H2O <\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 2. NO-2 + 0,5 O2 \u2013> NO3- <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau : <\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4- + 2 O2 \u2013> NO3- + 2H+ + H2O (*) <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 i\u00f4n Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0a oxy v\u00e0o b\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi khu\u1ea9n sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, \u00edt ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t cao trong x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nit\u01a1 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrate h\u00f3a, kh\u1eed nitrate \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nit\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c nitrate h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng anammox<\/p>\n\n\n\nChu tr\u00ecnh N m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1eaft x\u00edch anammox \u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anamox x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfm kh\u00ed. Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH3<\/sub> + 1,32 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + H+<\/sup> \u2192 1,02 N2<\/sub> + 0,26 NO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 H\u00ad2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anammox l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 oxi \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nitrat h\u00f3a b\u00e1n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda amoni th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung carbon v\u00f4 c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> + 1,5 O2<\/sub> + 2 HCO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> \u2192 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 CO\u00ad2<\/sub> + 3H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf amoni b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c RO<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
RO l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc m\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i qua, m\u00e0ng s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u01a1 l\u1eedng, amoni. M\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 < 0,0005 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- N\u00e2ng cao pH trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 pH l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ea1ng NH3<\/sub>, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bay h\u01a1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho amoniac bay h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean, amoniac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n amoniac, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho c\u00e1, t\u00f4m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7: CTy TNHH TH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u1ea0I \u0110\u1ea6U T\u01af TH\u00c0NH L\u1ee2I PH\u00c1T<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: 26B \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 5, KP1, Ph\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ea1nh M\u1ef9 L\u1ee3i, TP Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, TP HCM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nito v\u00f4 c\u01a1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 amoni, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 90 \u2013 97% t\u1ed5ng nito. Amoni t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf hai d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 ion NH4\u00ad+ v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed NH3. Ion NH4+ l\u00e0 ion amoni, \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c. NH3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u00f3 m\u00f9i khai, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ebft sinh v\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. NH3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf khi \u1edf trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng pH cao (pH \u2248 11), trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng pH th\u1ea5p th\u00ec NH4+ chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n (pH \u2248 7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amoni (NH4+ ): trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ebft amoni (d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,05 ppm). N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, s\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 10 -100mg\/l. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng amoni tr\u00ean 5 mg\/l \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hai nh\u00f3m vi khu\u1ea9n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a amonia th\u00e0nh nitrat l\u00e0: vi khu\u1ea9n nitrobacter v\u00e0 nitrosomonas<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.2 T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAmoni kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u00e9p, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Amoni g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p: l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a clo, gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Amoni c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ph\u1ed1t pho, s\u1eaft, mangan\u2026) s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 vi khu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc sau x\u1eed l\u00fd. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eb7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m quan ( NH4+) l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00eau t\u1ea3o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vi sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng g\u00e2y \u0103n m\u00f2n, r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u1ef9 quan).<\/p>\n\n\n
\nT\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i?<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc cao, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nitrat (NO2-), nitrit (NO3-). Trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, nitrit v\u00e0 nitrat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh N \u2013 nitroso \u2013 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n ung th\u01b0. N\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec5m amoni c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec5m asen r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec amoni d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nitrat t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee9ng thi\u1ebfu vitamin v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c amin \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nitrosamin l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Khi \u0103n u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nitrit, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p thu nitrit v\u00e0o m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tranh oxy c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m hemoglobin m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ea5y oxy, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, xanh da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Nitrit \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi sinh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb xanh xao, \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu, thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, kh\u00f3 th\u1edf do thi\u1ebfu oxi trong m\u00e1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, nitrit k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c axit amin trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nitrosamin. Nitrosamin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng di truy\u1ec1n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u2013 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.3 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nTrong quy chu\u1ea9n QCVN 01: 2009\/BYT ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00f3i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n u\u1ed1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni c\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3 mg\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong QCVN 02:2009\/BYT ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009, quy chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c I v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c II n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3 mg\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00ed Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nII.1 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd: tripping, trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion, h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: oxi h\u00f3a amoni, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a amoni b\u1eb1ng MAP (magie amoni photphat),<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat, denitrat v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh annamox.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd theo ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni kh\u00f4ng cao (< 100 mg\/l) nh\u01b0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni t\u1eeb 100 \u2013 5.000 mg\/l c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed bay h\u01a1i, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 5.000 mg\/l n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1eabn kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni v\u00e0 nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc trong x\u1eed l\u00fd Nito th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1 \u2013 Theo quy chu\u1ea9n QCVN 14:2008\/BTNMT, c\u00f3 2 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ni t\u01a1 l\u00e0 NH4+ (t\u00ednh theo N) v\u00e0 NO3- (t\u00ednh theo N).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4+ s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh NO3- qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrification, sau \u0111\u00f3 NO3- chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh N2 t\u1ef1 do b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh denitrification. Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf b\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed, trong khi denitrification \u1edf b\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, denitrification x\u1ea3y ra sau, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1ng A-O (thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed sau)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc, BOD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft m\u00e0 ni t\u01a1 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng NO3-, ch\u01b0a t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng N2 t\u1ef1 do. Khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sau x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau BOD v\u00e0 Amoni, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau Nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do \u0111\u00f3 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ec3 Anoxic tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec3 Oxic, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb NO3- th\u00e0nh N2 di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ec3 Anoxic nh\u1edd d\u00f2ng b\u01a1m tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.2 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a:<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni. Nitrat ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u00f4xy ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nit\u01a1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Amoni).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CO2<\/sub>(d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 c\u01a1) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n cacbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi. Sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi sinh kh\u1ed1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb Nit\u01a1 Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean am\u00f4ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai nitrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 1. NH4- + 1,5 O2 \u2013> NO2- + 2H+ + H2O <\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 2. NO-2 + 0,5 O2 \u2013> NO3- <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau : <\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4- + 2 O2 \u2013> NO3- + 2H+ + H2O (*) <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 i\u00f4n Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0a oxy v\u00e0o b\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi khu\u1ea9n sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, \u00edt ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t cao trong x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nit\u01a1 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrate h\u00f3a, kh\u1eed nitrate \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nit\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c nitrate h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng anammox<\/p>\n\n\n\nChu tr\u00ecnh N m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1eaft x\u00edch anammox \u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anamox x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfm kh\u00ed. Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH3<\/sub> + 1,32 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + H+<\/sup> \u2192 1,02 N2<\/sub> + 0,26 NO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 H\u00ad2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anammox l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 oxi \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nitrat h\u00f3a b\u00e1n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda amoni th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung carbon v\u00f4 c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> + 1,5 O2<\/sub> + 2 HCO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> \u2192 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 CO\u00ad2<\/sub> + 3H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf amoni b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c RO<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
RO l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc m\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i qua, m\u00e0ng s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u01a1 l\u1eedng, amoni. M\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 < 0,0005 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- N\u00e2ng cao pH trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 pH l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ea1ng NH3<\/sub>, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bay h\u01a1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho amoniac bay h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean, amoniac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n amoniac, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho c\u00e1, t\u00f4m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7: CTy TNHH TH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u1ea0I \u0110\u1ea6U T\u01af TH\u00c0NH L\u1ee2I PH\u00c1T<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: 26B \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 5, KP1, Ph\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ea1nh M\u1ef9 L\u1ee3i, TP Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, TP HCM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc cao, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nitrat (NO2-), nitrit (NO3-). Trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, nitrit v\u00e0 nitrat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh N \u2013 nitroso \u2013 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n ung th\u01b0. N\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec5m amoni c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec5m asen r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec amoni d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nitrat t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee9ng thi\u1ebfu vitamin v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c amin \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nitrosamin l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Khi \u0103n u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nitrit, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p thu nitrit v\u00e0o m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tranh oxy c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m hemoglobin m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ea5y oxy, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, xanh da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Nitrit \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi sinh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb xanh xao, \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu, thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, kh\u00f3 th\u1edf do thi\u1ebfu oxi trong m\u00e1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, nitrit k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c axit amin trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nitrosamin. Nitrosamin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng di truy\u1ec1n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u2013 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.3 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nTrong quy chu\u1ea9n QCVN 01: 2009\/BYT ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00f3i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0103n u\u1ed1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni c\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3 mg\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong QCVN 02:2009\/BYT ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009, quy chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c I v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c II n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 amoni c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3 mg\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00ed Amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\nII.1 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd: tripping, trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion, h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: oxi h\u00f3a amoni, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a amoni b\u1eb1ng MAP (magie amoni photphat),<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat, denitrat v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh annamox.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd theo ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni kh\u00f4ng cao (< 100 mg\/l) nh\u01b0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni t\u1eeb 100 \u2013 5.000 mg\/l c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed bay h\u01a1i, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 5.000 mg\/l n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1eabn kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni v\u00e0 nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc trong x\u1eed l\u00fd Nito th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1 \u2013 Theo quy chu\u1ea9n QCVN 14:2008\/BTNMT, c\u00f3 2 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ni t\u01a1 l\u00e0 NH4+ (t\u00ednh theo N) v\u00e0 NO3- (t\u00ednh theo N).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4+ s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh NO3- qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrification, sau \u0111\u00f3 NO3- chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh N2 t\u1ef1 do b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh denitrification. Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf b\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed, trong khi denitrification \u1edf b\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, denitrification x\u1ea3y ra sau, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1ng A-O (thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed sau)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc, BOD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft m\u00e0 ni t\u01a1 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng NO3-, ch\u01b0a t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng N2 t\u1ef1 do. Khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sau x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau BOD v\u00e0 Amoni, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau Nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do \u0111\u00f3 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ec3 Anoxic tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec3 Oxic, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb NO3- th\u00e0nh N2 di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ec3 Anoxic nh\u1edd d\u00f2ng b\u01a1m tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.2 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a:<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni. Nitrat ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u00f4xy ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nit\u01a1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Amoni).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CO2<\/sub>(d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 c\u01a1) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n cacbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi. Sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi sinh kh\u1ed1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb Nit\u01a1 Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean am\u00f4ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai nitrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 1. NH4- + 1,5 O2 \u2013> NO2- + 2H+ + H2O <\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 2. NO-2 + 0,5 O2 \u2013> NO3- <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau : <\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4- + 2 O2 \u2013> NO3- + 2H+ + H2O (*) <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 i\u00f4n Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0a oxy v\u00e0o b\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi khu\u1ea9n sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, \u00edt ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t cao trong x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nit\u01a1 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrate h\u00f3a, kh\u1eed nitrate \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nit\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c nitrate h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng anammox<\/p>\n\n\n\nChu tr\u00ecnh N m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1eaft x\u00edch anammox \u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anamox x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfm kh\u00ed. Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH3<\/sub> + 1,32 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + H+<\/sup> \u2192 1,02 N2<\/sub> + 0,26 NO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 H\u00ad2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anammox l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 oxi \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nitrat h\u00f3a b\u00e1n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda amoni th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung carbon v\u00f4 c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> + 1,5 O2<\/sub> + 2 HCO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> \u2192 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 CO\u00ad2<\/sub> + 3H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf amoni b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c RO<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
RO l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc m\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i qua, m\u00e0ng s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u01a1 l\u1eedng, amoni. M\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 < 0,0005 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- N\u00e2ng cao pH trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 pH l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ea1ng NH3<\/sub>, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bay h\u01a1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho amoniac bay h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean, amoniac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n amoniac, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho c\u00e1, t\u00f4m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7: CTy TNHH TH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u1ea0I \u0110\u1ea6U T\u01af TH\u00c0NH L\u1ee2I PH\u00c1T<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: 26B \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 5, KP1, Ph\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ea1nh M\u1ef9 L\u1ee3i, TP Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, TP HCM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.1 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd: tripping, trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion, h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: oxi h\u00f3a amoni, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a amoni b\u1eb1ng MAP (magie amoni photphat),<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat, denitrat v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh annamox.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd theo ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni kh\u00f4ng cao (< 100 mg\/l) nh\u01b0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammoni t\u1eeb 100 \u2013 5.000 mg\/l c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi sinh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed bay h\u01a1i, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ammonium l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 5.000 mg\/l n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a l\u00fd s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1eabn kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni v\u00e0 nito trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc trong x\u1eed l\u00fd Nito th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1 \u2013 Theo quy chu\u1ea9n QCVN 14:2008\/BTNMT, c\u00f3 2 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ni t\u01a1 l\u00e0 NH4+ (t\u00ednh theo N) v\u00e0 NO3- (t\u00ednh theo N).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4+ s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh NO3- qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrification, sau \u0111\u00f3 NO3- chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh N2 t\u1ef1 do b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh denitrification. Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf b\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed, trong khi denitrification \u1edf b\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nitrification x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, denitrification x\u1ea3y ra sau, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ea1ng A-O (thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed sau)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc, BOD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft m\u00e0 ni t\u01a1 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng NO3-, ch\u01b0a t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng N2 t\u1ef1 do. Khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sau x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau BOD v\u00e0 Amoni, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau Nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do \u0111\u00f3 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ec3 Anoxic tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec3 Oxic, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb NO3- th\u00e0nh N2 di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ec3 Anoxic nh\u1edd d\u00f2ng b\u01a1m tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II.2 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a:<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni. Nitrat ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u00f4xy ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nit\u01a1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Amoni).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CO2<\/sub>(d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 c\u01a1) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n cacbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi. Sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi sinh kh\u1ed1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb Nit\u01a1 Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean am\u00f4ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai nitrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 1. NH4- + 1,5 O2 \u2013> NO2- + 2H+ + H2O <\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 2. NO-2 + 0,5 O2 \u2013> NO3- <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau : <\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4- + 2 O2 \u2013> NO3- + 2H+ + H2O (*) <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 i\u00f4n Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0a oxy v\u00e0o b\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi khu\u1ea9n sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, \u00edt ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t cao trong x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nit\u01a1 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrate h\u00f3a, kh\u1eed nitrate \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nit\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c nitrate h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng anammox<\/p>\n\n\n\nChu tr\u00ecnh N m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1eaft x\u00edch anammox \u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anamox x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfm kh\u00ed. Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH3<\/sub> + 1,32 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + H+<\/sup> \u2192 1,02 N2<\/sub> + 0,26 NO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 H\u00ad2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anammox l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 oxi \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nitrat h\u00f3a b\u00e1n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda amoni th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung carbon v\u00f4 c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> + 1,5 O2<\/sub> + 2 HCO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> \u2192 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 CO\u00ad2<\/sub> + 3H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf amoni b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c RO<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
RO l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc m\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i qua, m\u00e0ng s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u01a1 l\u1eedng, amoni. M\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 < 0,0005 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- N\u00e2ng cao pH trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 pH l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ea1ng NH3<\/sub>, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bay h\u01a1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho amoniac bay h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean, amoniac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n amoniac, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho c\u00e1, t\u00f4m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7: CTy TNHH TH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u1ea0I \u0110\u1ea6U T\u01af TH\u00c0NH L\u1ee2I PH\u00c1T<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: 26B \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 5, KP1, Ph\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ea1nh M\u1ef9 L\u1ee3i, TP Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, TP HCM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a:<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni. Nitrat ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u00f4xy ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nit\u01a1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Amoni).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CO2<\/sub>(d\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 c\u01a1) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n cacbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi. Sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi sinh kh\u1ed1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Nitrat ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb Nit\u01a1 Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean am\u00f4ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai nitrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nitrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 1. NH4- + 1,5 O2 \u2013> NO2- + 2H+ + H2O <\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u01b0\u1edbc 2. NO-2 + 0,5 O2 \u2013> NO3- <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1somonas v\u00e0 Vi khu\u1ea9n Nit\u01a1bacteria s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p sinh kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau : <\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4- + 2 O2 \u2013> NO3- + 2H+ + H2O (*) <\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 i\u00f4n Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0a oxy v\u00e0o b\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi khu\u1ea9n sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00b7 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, \u00edt ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t cao trong x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nit\u01a1 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrate h\u00f3a, kh\u1eed nitrate \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nit\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c nitrate h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng anammox<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chu tr\u00ecnh N m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1eaft x\u00edch anammox \u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anamox x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfm kh\u00ed. Amoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH3<\/sub> + 1,32 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + H+<\/sup> \u2192 1,02 N2<\/sub> + 0,26 NO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 H\u00ad2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anammox l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 oxi \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho x\u1eed l\u00fd amoni trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh N2<\/sub>, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh anammox c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nitrat h\u00f3a b\u00e1n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda amoni th\u00e0nh nitrit v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung carbon v\u00f4 c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> + 1,5 O2<\/sub> + 2 HCO3<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> \u2192 NO2<\/sub>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 CO\u00ad2<\/sub> + 3H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf amoni b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c RO<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
RO l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc m\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i qua, m\u00e0ng s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u01a1 l\u1eedng, amoni. M\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7 < 0,0005 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- N\u00e2ng cao pH trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 pH l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ea1ng NH3<\/sub>, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bay h\u01a1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho amoniac bay h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean, amoniac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n amoniac, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho c\u00e1, t\u00f4m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7: CTy TNHH TH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u1ea0I \u0110\u1ea6U T\u01af TH\u00c0NH L\u1ee2I PH\u00c1T<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: 26B \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 5, KP1, Ph\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ea1nh M\u1ef9 L\u1ee3i, TP Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, TP HCM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- N\u00e2ng cao pH trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
- Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf amoni b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c RO<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
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Hotline: 09.389.75.389 Ms.Th\u1ea3o ho\u1eb7c Ms.Chung 0988.97.88.91<\/p>\n\n\n\n